The Effects of Bullying and Why Should It Be Stopped Essay

Good morning everybody. I am up here today to give you all a speech about school bullying. Basically, my purpose is to tell you all more about the effects of school bullying and why should it be stopped. Do you all know that one in every four children is a victim of bullying? (P2, Neurotic Ramblings) From the 519 students surveyed by the organization, 129 claimed they had been bullied. (P2, Sunday times 16/7/2006) School bullying is a kind of bullying which happens in an educational environment. The behaviour must be repeated and aggressive in order for it to be considered bullying. So what are the effects of school bullying? Firstly, victims who are bullied can lose interest in school. (Victim point 1, Source 2) This is so as they feel†¦show more content†¦Out of the 37, 10 claimed their reason for doing so is that they were bullied before.† (P2-3, Sunday Times 2006) This is so as they feel that they should retaliate this way when they are provoked. In such cases, the victims do not know how to react with their frustrations. They feel that they need not be kind to others since others treat them in an unkind way. This is a worrying as it might become worse. One example of such case would be Penny, who turned into a bully in Secondary two. She was a victim of school bullying and dealt with her feelings by terrorising others. By doing so, she wanted others to feel her agony. For a year, the bully threw her books out of the window, shouted vulgarities at her and kicked her chair till she almost injured herself. To avenge herself, she would throw her juniors’ bags into the school pond. B y doing so, she claimed that she would feel controlled. ( P5-7, Sunday Times 2006)Therefore, bullying should be stopped as it could cause harm to innocent ones and may even influence others to join bullying as they would feel that they could be higher powered than the rest. Secondly, bullies themselves who bully others tend to have violent behaviour as well. If they are allowed to continue bullying, they may participate in more risky and violent behaviour. If nothing is being done to correct their actions, this may continue to their adulthood. These bulliesShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay On Bullying1203 Words   |  5 Pagesfather had been jailed for hitting her† (Goad). Bullying has been a major problem in our society. The power of bullying can ruin someone’s life. Nothing good can ever come from bullying no matter how it happens. Bullying has been around for a long time, and it must come to an end. Bullying should be stopped because of the terrible and heartbreaking outcomes. To begin, the power of bullying is disgraceful land will always have a negative outcome. Bullying occurs when someone is repeatedly harmed by someoneRead MoreBullying Is A Social Phenomenon861 Words   |  4 PagesBullying has been a known term for many centuries. 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This problem has been defined as cyberbullying. â€Å"Cyberbullying is bullying that takes place usingRead MoreBullying As A Major Issue Affecting Education1746 Words   |  7 Pages Bullying as a Major Issue Affecting Education Anna Butera University of Nebraska at Omaha Elizabeth Wessling 2015 Summer- TED-8000-502: Classroom Management for Secondary Teachers July 23, 2015 Introduction More than 160,000 students in the United States missed school today (Center for Schools and Communities, 2015). They stayed home because they were afraid of being bullied. Most bullying occurs in schools, on school grounds, and on the bus, but as technology becomes more and more mainstreamRead MoreBullying Persuasive Essay1247 Words   |  5 PagesYet we push it just the same† - Thirteen Reasons Why. Over 3.2 million students are victims of bullying each year. Bullying is a serious offence and shouldn’t be taken lightly, students around the world should be aware of what bullying does and how it affects the other person. Seventeen percent of American students report bullying two to three times a month or more within a school semester. Bullying has been occurring for years and bullying in schools was one of the first manifestations.Read MoreThe Effects of Bullying in Students1124 Words   |  5 PagesTHE EFFECTS OF BULLYING TO THE SECOND YEAR STUDENTS OF TAGOLOAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL SY: 2014-2015 by: Fernandez, Dimple A. Besa, Lindsay Q. Canoy, Richel Mae V. Dael, Bema A. Damiles, Jewel D. Parlocha, Michelle B. Pil, Riza Jane A. Introduction Bullying is the act to threat a weaker being to make them do something and hurt them emotionally or physically which later on affects a victim’s everyday life. From the looks of it, some students, especially those who areRead MoreThe Dangers Of Bullying That Teens And Kids Face811 Words   |  4 PagesThe Dangers of Bullying that Teens and Kids Face Getting kidnapped, having problems with drugs, being bullied, and teen pregnancy are just a few of the many dangers that teens and kids face every day. One of the biggest concerns today is bullying. Bullying can happen anywhere and is a problem that affects millions of kids and teens each year. Bullying is defined as an unwanted, aggressive behavior among school aged children that involves a real or perceived power imbalance. The behavior is repeated

The Role Of External Auditing On Promoting Good Corporate...

The purpose of this paper is to highlight the role of external auditing in promoting good corporate governance. The role of auditors has been emphasized after the pass of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act as a response to the accounting scandal of Enron. Even though auditors are hired and paid by the company, their role is not to represent or act in favor of the company, but to watch and investigate the company’s financials to protect the public from any material misstatements that can affect their decisions. As part of this role, the auditors assess the level of the company’s adherence to its own code of ethics. External Auditing Since reliable financial information is essential for investors and other stakeholders to take adequate decisions, this reliability must be backed by independent review performed by independent and certified auditing firms, which are supposed to verify and certify financial statements issued by a company’s management. If the auditor is not competent and independent from management, the audit of the financial statements loses its credibility (Schelker, 2013, p.295). According to Impastato (2003), because of audit failures, accountants are to blame for investors losing billions of dollars in earnings in addition to market capitalization (as cited in Grubbs Ethridge 2007). As explained by Schelker (2013), the agency problem between the owners and the management of a ï ¬ rm is at the heart of the corporate governance literature. Hence, there is a need for aShow MoreRelatedSetting And Enforcing Clear Lines Of Responsibility Essay1461 Words   |  6 PagesSetting and Enforcing Clear Lines of Responsibility Good corporate governance needs effective and appropriate regulatory, legal and institutional basis. A variety of elements which including the laws and regulatory framework, and financial accounting standards have an effect on the setting of clear lines of responsibility on auditing (Chiang, 2005). 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Byod at Innovate Technologies

Questions: 1. What are BYODs and how are they currently being used. You should explore a range of applications of BYOD, for example, in areas such as healthcare, education and other software companies. 2. Discuss at least three ways that BYODs could be used to enhance your organisation over the next five years. In particular the CEO would like you to explore ways BYODs could be used to provide opportunities to expand your business both locally and globally. Analyse potential options that could lead to recommendations at the end of your report. 3. Assess the advantages and disadvantages of using BYODs. Consider the current uses by various organisations and possibilities for your organisation (especially those you have considered in tasks 1 and 2 above). Explore the ethical, social and legal considerations, and the potential positive and negative impacts your organisation should consider. These should lead to some recommendations at the end of your report. Answers: 1. Introduction Innovate Technologies is a Sydney based IT company that works to major fields of software development. The first is the mobile application development, where the company develops a range of efficient and time saving application for mobile users. The second field is the information systems development for large organizations. The company develops and supports both the fields equally but has a major share of its business from the information systems development as the clients associated with the same are billion dollar companies. Hence, Innovate technologies is looking for ways to strengthen its bonds with the existing clients and break deals with new clients. The company has an extremely innovative group of employees who are enthusiastic in developing applications that sync with the latest technologies. The company is looking forward to a way to develop applications that can be sold to its existing information system clients to increase the business if mobile application development s ector. Though the company is relatively new in the field of IT, it has leaped forward with its fast moving services. The company strongly believes in supporting services as a crucial need to make sure the corporate bonds with the clients sustain. The company encourages innovation and is known for developing new services that make use of the new technologies introduced, to help its clients and mobile users get the best of these technologies through new applications. The company is known to have developed major information systems and places a huge amount of significance to ensure security of data. The company is always ready to invest in technologies that would have a positive impact on both the business and lifestyle of its employees. The report below has been developed by an ICT manager at Innovate Technologies to help the CEO of the organization understand how implementing BYOD can substantially reach all the above goals of the organization. The report has four major sections. The first section is about understanding BYOD, its advantages and disadvantages and the various sectors that have currently implemented BYOD applications. The second section identifies three reasons that explain the need for BYOD to be implemented in Innovate Technologies. This sections also provide ideas that would help the company reach its current goals. The third section details out the various implications that may arise due to the usage of BYOD and the final section has recommendations as to how to overcome these implication and successfully implement BYOD in Innovate Technologies. 2. BYOD and its current applications 2.1 Understanding BYOD BYOD stands for Bring Your Own Device. BYOD allows employees of an organization to access corporate mails, company Wi-Fi and other privileged company information (Miller, 2012). The concept has rose due to the increasing need of employees to carry their own devices and access company applications through the same for flexibility and convenience. It is a part of the evolution that empowers the organizations practicing them with consumerization of IT, where the customer originated technologies impact the enterprise. These concepts have been bought in to light to reap the advantages of the technologies that originate and develop in the consumer space rather than sourcing the same from the IT enterprise sector (Thomson, 2012). The term BYOD was initially coined by Intel, however, it was Unisys Corporation that has put the concept into use in most of its business segments with the help of Citrix Systems. 2.2 Advantages of BYOD The various reasons for enterprises to constantly adopt to the concept of BYOD are listed below Cost Saving: BYOD enables cost-saving by allowing the employees carry their own devices. The hardware expenses of a company to provide these devices significantly reduces as an employee would not need a secondary device (Bien, 2015). When correctly implemented, BYOD can completely eliminate the need for company issued Blackberry thereby reducing the hardware cost. Software licensing costs and device maintenance is decreased as the devices would be owned by the employees rather than the company. Figure 1: Impact of BYOD on expenses Anywhere, Anytime: BYOD provides the ability to access corporate information from anywhere, the need to be continuously present at the desk is reduced (Ballagas, 2014). Especially in support environments the need to be able to access corporate applications from anywhere anytime will help the employee resolve issues at the comfort of their home (Morrow, 2012). Cutting Edge Technology: The devices carried by employees are usually faster with far better technology than that provided by the company. This is especially true in case of smaller organizations with budgetary constraints (Shim, 2013). By using BYOD the organization can make use of advanced technologies without actually investing in them. Employee Satisfaction: Employees are happier with the flexibility BYOD provides. Ability to work with their own devices makes the employees more comfortable (Hopkins, 2013). Also, the employee gets to choose the device they would like to work with, rather than use the company mandated devices Attractive Employer: Organizations that implement BYOD are seen as adaptive organizations that put the comfort of their employees as a priority. This makes the organization an attractive employer there by increasing the recruitment quality. 2.3 Disadvantages of BYOD Every technology has its own cons list. Understanding them and applying appropriate measures to ground the negative impacts would help an organization use the technology to an advantage. The chances of security breach is high when corporate data is accessed through personal devices. The sheer number of devices connecting increasing exponentially leading to a need to implement advanced measures to ensure security The device may be lost or sold with corporate data still residing in the device. The corporate data may be stored in personal cloud storage. Malware threats increase substantially (Scarfo, 2012) The chances of the current applications used by the company are not compatible with the employee device. The support sector of organization should find ways to implement them on all devices (Ghosh, 2013) Lack of infrastructure to handle network traffic with increasing BYOD users. 2.4 Current applications of BYOD 2.4.1 BYOD in Healthcare BYOD in health care segment is currently restricted to a smaller scale as the need for patient data confidentiality is high. Reports of various tests conducted on a patient are uploaded on to the companys database and the same can be checked by doctors using a tablet (Gwaltney, 2015). However, since IT support for BYOD is not the primary concern in healthcare industries 2.4.2 BOYD in Education BOYD is being adapted into education sector by changing smartphone from a distraction to an important tool for educational enhancement. Starting from schools to educational universities, e-learning had become the latest trend and the same can be easily implemented through BYOD (Ho, 2015). The need to carry around textbooks and notes can be completely eliminated and the concept of beyond the classroom can be applied broadly (Song, 2014). However, special attention needs to be paid to make sure that the BYOD device is not misused and e- safety needs to be ensured. 2.4.3 Public sector The public sectors of US and UK has started implementing the BYOD concept at a higher level allowing employees to access the network with personal laptops. However, given the sensitivity of data that prevails in a public sector and the large number of employees associated stringent guidelines as per the new End User Devices Security and Configuration Guidance policy was issued by Communications-Electronics Security Group (CESG) have to be adhered to, to ensure data safety. 2.4.4 IT Sector BOYD is currently most popular in IT sector with IBM being a lead implementer. Companies with support projects are migrating to BYOD to ensure 24x7 support for clients. The IT sector has dedicated wings to ensure that the devices used adhere to the guidelines listed by the enterprise. The increase in flexibility and feasibility of the working environment of the employee has been a major reason for implementing BYOD. 3. Enhancing Innovate Technologies with BYOD 3.1 Implementing BYOD as a Sand Box Innovate Technologies works in the field of mobile application development and information system applications. Both the fields are closely related to BYOD. The company can therefore, implement BYOD in its own organization and use it closely to understand how BYOD works and what the implications with it are (Mansfield, 2012). Once the same is understood and analyzed the company can develop mobile applications that can be sold to large organizations to implement BYOD or to the device owners to make their devices compatible with the BYOD policies of the company. The chances of developing a new product is high when how the work is closely observed, helping the company come with applications that enhance BYOD. The company can expand both globally and locally by supplying these service to corporations implementing BYOD. 3.2 BYOD to enhance support Since Innovate Technologies develop information system application for large organizations, the need to provide round the clock support to client is essential. By implementing BYOD the company can provide support services 24x7. The employees can address issues as soon as they rise as they are constantly connected to the corporate network. SLA of support services can be easily reached, allowing the company to provide best support services. This would help them enhance their support services with the current clients and also would be helpful to break deals with new clients (French, 2014) 3.3 Cost Cutting and employee satisfaction The major advantage with the BYOD is its cost saving capabilities with reduced secondary devices and device maintenance. The company works in mobile applications and hence, it is ideally for them to implement the same through BYOD, enhancing the integrity of the company. The company has much more satisfied employee increasing the productivity gains. 4. Ethical, Social and Legal considerations When implementing any technologies there are several litigations that may question the ethical sense of the employees and the legal issue the company may face due to the implementation. It is important to realize the possible issue before implementing something to make sure necessary steps are taken to make sure all the issues are correctly addressed Below listed are the ethical, social and legal considerations to be looked into before implementing BYOD The company would have access to the device of the employee and hence employee privacy may be violated The employees need to remain ethical when using corporate network and should be responsible to ensure that privileged data is not shared with third parties in any form. The need to implement reasonable security on BYOD devices is high to ensure the security of corporate data (Romer, 2014) If data security issues arise due to BYOD, the employees device cannot be taken by the company due to lack of ownership Data security needs to be enhanced to make sure that third party or unauthorized users dont have access to this data The technically savvy employees may jailbreak the devices eliminating the restrictions to improve security. The employees are responsible to apply corporate security patches regularly to protect data (Cook, 2013) Accessing corporate sites from public Wi-Fi increases the risk of malware and hackers Device locking may not be implemented by employees exposing corporate mails to unauthorized users (Benigno, 2014) 5. Conclusion BYOD or Bring Your Own Device is one of the key technologies that lead to the consumerisation of IT where the consumer technologies impact the working on an enterprise. With the rising need for flexible working environment of employee, it is only obvious that BYOD has been implemented in major parts of software sectors. The concept allows the employees to access privileged corporate data through their personal devices. BYOD has become popular due it its cost cutting and employee satisfying capabilities. The need for secondary devices is almost completely eliminated by the concept of BYOD. However, the concept of BYOD is relatively new and hence laws and policies have not being concretely developed around it. Data security and employee privacy are major issues when implementing BYOD and addressing the same is essential to ensure that the integrity of the organization is not compromised. Innovate Technologies can make the best use of BYOD as the concept would not only provide advantages such as cost cutting but will also help the organization come up with mobile application products that can be sold over to its large clientele that implement information systems. Most of these organizations would be looking into BYOD which is bound to happen in almost all the sectors and hence, Innovate technologies would have a chance to migrate their potential clients to their mobile application development sector as well. The objectives to strengthen bonds with the existing clientele of information system can be achieved by implementing BYOD to enhance support services. Understanding and analyzing how BYOD works can help the company come up with products that support the implementation of BYOD on mobile platforms for the large clientele of information systems to take up mobile application development services as well. 6. Recommendations Implementing BYOD without a question advantageous to Innovate Technologies. However, extreme care should be taken to provide security to corporate data accessed through BYOD devices and also employee privacy has to be respected. The below policies have to be implemented to ensure the negative impacts of BYOD is reduced As the company cannot develop security applications to all mobile platforms at once, the BYOD has to be implemented in patches allowing devices of one platform at a time to ensure that the security applications are appropriately developed for data security (Tokuyoshi, 2013) To ensure data cannot be accessed by unauthorized users employees with BYOD have to follow the below guidelines mandatorily. Screen locks with passwords are mandatory (Keyes, 2013) All the corporate applications have to be locked or hidden (Donaldson, 2015) Logging in with corporate credentials for all corporate applications Erase the data on the device completely before selling it Install all security patches mandated by the company Make sure that the device is treated as any other corporate device and password sharing has to be restricted (Walker, 2013) Jailbraking and rooting devices is strictly prohibited If the device is lost or stolen the same as to be reported to the company immediately (Jaramillo, 2013) Installation of apps that can pose potential threat to the corporate data security should be restricted (Lim, 2014) Clearly help the employee understand that the device can be lawfully and legally owned by the company to investigate any issues that occurred through the device A strict exit strategy has to defined to ensure that the company data is not accessible to the employee post separation The company data should not be stored in the mobile device permanently and only reading access wherever possible should be provided Clearly define the device maintenance if any is given to the employee (Eslahi, 2014). All the employees has to sign an acceptable use policy declared by the company The company has the right to erase the data remotely in case of stolen or lost device Malware and other hacking threats have to be addressed to with appropriate security measures The company has the right to pull out services without prior notification if a potential threat is identified The above listed are a brief list of recommendations. While actually implementing BYOD a much more comprehensive policy would be required to be adapted. 7. References Ballagas, R., Rohs, M., Sheridan, J.G. and Borchers, J., 2014. BYOD: Bring Your Own Device, UBICOMP. Benigno, V., Caruso, G., Ravicchio, F., Repetto, M. and Trentin, G., 2014. DO BYOD (BRING-YOUR-OWN-DEVICE) TECHNOLOGIES SUPPORT INCLUSIVE VIRTUAL CLASSROOMS?. ICERI2014 Proceedings, pp.6239-6248. Bien, D., Negahban, A. and Windsor, J., 2015. BYOD in Practice: A Comparison of Four BYOD Programs. Cook, T., Jaramillo, D., Katz, N., Bodin, B., Cooper, S., Becker, C.H., Smart, R. and Lu, C., 2013. Mobile innovation applications for the BYOD enterprise user. IBM Journal of Research and Development, 57(6), pp.6-1. Donaldson, S.E., Siegel, S.G., Williams, C.K. and Aslam, A., 2015. Enterprise Cybersecurity for Mobile and BYOD. In Enterprise Cybersecurity (pp. 119-129). Apress. Eslahi, M., Naseri, M.V., Hashim, H., Tahir, N.M. and Saad, E.H.M., 2014, April. BYOD: current state and security challenges. In Computer Applications and Industrial Electronics (ISCAIE), 2014 IEEE Symposium on (pp. 189-192). IEEE. French, A.M., Guo, C. and Shim, J.P., 2014. Current status, issues, and future of bring your own device (BYOD). Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 35(10), pp.191-197. Ghosh, A., Gajar, P.K. and Rai, S., 2013. Bring your own device (BYOD): Security risks and mitigating strategies. Journal of Global Research in Computer Science, 4(4), pp.62-70. Gwaltney, C., Coons, S.J., ODonohoe, P., OGorman, H., Denomey, M., Howry, C. and Ross, J., 2015. Bring Your Own Device(BYOD) The Future of Field-Based Patient-Reported Outcome Data Collection in Clinical Trials?. Therapeutic Innovation Regulatory Science, 49(6), pp.783-791. Ho, R.C. and Chua, H.K., 2015. The Influence of Mobile Learning on Learners Absorptive Capacity: A Case of Bring-Your-Own-Device (BYOD) Learning Environment. In Taylors 7th Teaching and Learning Conference 2014 Proceedings (pp. 471-479). Springer Singapore. Hopkins, N., Sylvester, A. and Tate, M., 2013. Motivations for BYOD: an investigation of the contents of a 21st century school bag. Jaramillo, D., Katz, N., Bodin, B., Tworek, W., Smart, R. and Cook, T., 2013. Cooperative solutions for bring your own device (BYOD). IBM journal of research and development, 57(6), pp.5-1. Keyes, J., 2013. Bring your own devices (BYOD) survival guide. CRC press. Lim, K., Jang, Y. and Lee, E., 2014. Research on BYOD (Bring Your Own Device) policy guidelines with the extension of the. Journal of Digital Convergence, 12(7), pp.21-36. Mansfield-Devine, S., 2012. Interview: BYOD and the enterprise network. Computer fraud security, 2012(4), pp.14-17. Miller, K.W., Voas, J. and Hurlburt, G.F., 2012. BYOD: Security and privacy considerations. It Professional, (5), pp.53-55. Morrow, B., 2012. BYOD security challenges: control and protect your most sensitive data. Network Security, 2012(12), pp.5-8. Romer, H., 2014. Best practices for BYOD security. Computer Fraud Security, 2014(1), pp.13-15. Scarfo, A., 2012, November. New security perspectives around BYOD. In Broadband, Wireless Computing, Communication and Applications (BWCCA), 2012 Seventh International Conference on (pp. 446-451). IEEE. Shim, J.P., Mittleman, D., Welke, R., French, A.M. and Guo, J.C., 2013. Bring your own device (BYOD): Current status, issues, and future directions. Song, Y., 2014. Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) for seamless science inquiry in a primary school. Computers Education, 74, pp.50-60. Thomson, G., 2012. BYOD: enabling the chaos. Network Security, 2012(2), pp.5-8. Tokuyoshi, B., 2013. The security implications of BYOD. Network Security, 2013(4), pp.12-13. Walker-Osborn, C., Mann, S. and Mann, V., 2013. to Byod or not to Byod. ITNow, 55(1), pp.38-39.

Reproduction Essays - Behavior, Sexual Reproduction, Mating

Reproduction For some time she had watched his movements, appearing coyly in his haunts. And now, had it paid off? Doubtless, he was in love. His muscles were taut; he swooped through the air more like an eagle than a Greylag gander. The only problem was, it was not for her that he then landed in a flurry of quacks and wingbeats, or for her that he dashed off surprise attacks on his fellows. It was, rather, for another - for her preening rival across the Bavarian lake. Poor goose. Will she mate with the gander of her dreams? Or will she trail him for years, laying infertile egg clutches as proof of her faithfulness? Either outcome is possible in an animal world marked daily by scenes of courtship, spurning and love triumphant. And take note: these are not the imaginings of some Disney screen-16 writer. Decades ago Konrad Lorenz, a famed Austrian naturalist, made detailed studies of Greylags and afterwards showed no hesitation in using words like love, grief and even embarrassment to describe th e behavior of these large, social birds. At the same time he did not forget that all romance - animal and human - is tied intimately to natural selection. Natural selection brought on the evolution of males and females during prehistoric epochs when environmental change was making life difficult for single-sex species such as bacteria and algae. Generally, these reproduced by splitting into identical copies of themselves. New generations were thus no better than old ones at surviving in an altered world. With the emergence of the sexes, however, youngsters acquired the qualities of two parents. This meant that they were different from both - different and perhaps better at coping with tough problems of survival. At the same time, nature had to furnish a new set of instincts which would make "parents" out of such unreflective entities as mollusks and jellyfish.. The peacock's splendid feathers, the firefly's flash, the humpback whale's resounding bellow - all are means these anima ls have evolved to obey nature's command: "Find a mate. Transmit your characteristics through time!" But while most males would accept indiscriminate mating, females generally have more on their minds. In most species, after all, they take on reproduction's hardest chores such as carrying young, incubating eggs and tending newborns. Often they can produce only a few young in a lifetime. (Given half a chance, most males would spawn thousands.) So it's no surprising that the ladies are choosy. They want to match their characteristics with those of a successful mate. He may flap his wings or join a hockey team, but somehow he must show that his offspring will not likely be last to eat or first in predatory jaws. Strolling through the Australian underbrush that morning, she had seen nothing that might catch a female bowerbird's eye. True, several males along the way had built avenue bowers - twin rows of twigs lined up north and south. True, they had decorated their constructions wit h plant juices and charcoal. Yet they displayed nothing out front! Not a beetle's wing. Not a piece of flower. Then she saw him. He stood before the largest bower and in his mouth held a most beautiful object. It was a powder blue cigarette package, and beneath it there glinted a pair of pilfered car keys. Without hesitation she hopped forward to watch his ritual dance. Males have found many ways to prove their worth. Some, like bowerbirds, flaunt possessions and territory, defending these aggressively against the intrusion of fellow males. Others, like many birds and meat-eating mammals, pantomime nest building or otherwise demonstrate their capacity as dads. Still others, however, do nothing. Gentlemen may bring flowers, but most male fish just fertilize an egg pile some unknown female has left in underwater sand. For a fish, survival itself is a romantic feat. For other species, though, love demands supreme sacrifices. Shortly after alighting on the back of his mate, the male praying mantis probably had no idea what was in store. This would have been a good thing too, because as he continued to fertilize his partner's eggs, she twisted slowly around and bit off his head. She continued to put

The Comparison of Montessori Education and a Regular Mathematics Program in Kindergarten Classroom

The Comparison of Montessori Education and a Regular Mathematics Program in Kindergarten Classroom Background According to Gardener’s theory of multiple intelligences, children can acquire knowledge through different ways because they have different capabilities and competences. It is apparent that every student has special skills and learning needs.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Comparison of Montessori Education and a Regular Mathematics Program in Kindergarten Classroom specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, teachers often fail to identify the capabilities of their students in part because of the conventional teaching methods that they use in kindergarten classrooms. The success of most education programs is attributed to the application of modern teaching methods. The teaching methods commonly used in well-organized education programs include project work, self-directed learning, literature-based reading, and problem-based curriculum. Montessori education system emphasizes the importan ce of a well-prepared learning environment since it enhances high performance among students.  Piaget (1970, p. 30) asserts that the development of intelligence and acquisition of knowledge is a continuous process. The facets of intelligence include analytical, creativity, and practical skills. The primary role of intelligence is to facilitate understanding and invention. Successful learning is correlated with the incessant development of primary sensory motor actions among children. Thus, the more â€Å"practice a child gets with sensorial activities the higher a child will perform abstract mental operations†. Young learners should be guided to generate ideas and to discover mathematical relations on their own rather than forcing them to accept other’s thoughts. Children should gain experience in using mathematical skills through regular practice. This helps them to develop deductive reasoning and neurological thinking, which is essential for their academic progress . According to Nicholl (1998, p. 37), teaching efforts should focus on knowledge acquisition. An effective teaching strategy should facilitate the development of the learner’s character, emotional maturity, and wisdom. Nonetheless, the teaching methodologies used in most schools are ineffective because majority of students lack essential skills such as analytical ability and creativity, as well as, flexibility in thought. In this regard, teachers should help their students to develop interpersonal intelligence. This will enable students to assess their weaknesses and strengths.  Montessori (1995, pp. 5-12) asserts that infancy is the most important stage in a child’s development and learning because their interest to learn is at its peak. Consequently, educators must utilize the appropriate methodologies to maximize learning at the infancy stage.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OF F Learn More It is against this backdrop that the Montessori teaching methodology focuses on developing young learner’s sensorial and motor skills during their early years. A Montessori teacher must focus on continuous improvement of their professional skills in order to facilitate better learning. Teachers who are responsible for teaching above average students are aware of the fact that different strategies help them to meet the diverse needs of their students. Nonetheless, the statistics on students’ performance in mathematics indicate that a lot of improvement is still needed in teaching the subject. The schools in the United States have been unable to improve the math skills of their students. Research indicates that the performance in math in K-12 classes in the US is lower than in other developed countries. Hence, there is a need to improve performance through improved teaching methods. The foregoing paragraphs highlight the weaknesses of the con ventional teaching methods that are used in most schools. Additionally, they highlight the importance of using the most appropriate teaching methodology in order to enhance learning, especially, in math classes. Most educators believe that the Montessori education system can help students to acquire advanced mathematical skills at the kindergarten level. Consequently, the goal of this study is to gather evidence concerning the positive and negative aspects of using the Montessori system to teach mathematics in kindergarten. Concisely, the study will compare the Montessori system with the conventional education system in order to identify the model that best suits learner’s needs. Research Question The main question in this study is: what are the advantages and disadvantages of adopting Montessori education as a method of teaching mathematics in a kindergarten? In answering this question, the study will attempt to explain how the Montessori system facilitates learning among ch ildren. Furthermore, it will compare the strengths and the weaknesses of the Montessori system with a regular mathematics program in order to determine the extent to which it benefits students. The Essence of this Action Research It is a well-known fact that students have varying learning needs, as well as, ability to learn. Students can differ significantly in terms of their approach to learning. The conventional teaching methods that are commonly used in kindergartens often mask teachers’ ability to identify their students’ unique learning needs and abilities.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Comparison of Montessori Education and a Regular Mathematics Program in Kindergarten Classroom specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Consequently, the needs of some students are hardly met in regular mathematics programs. In this regard, it is necessary to identify an improved teaching method that will en able teachers to meet the learning needs of all students in their classrooms. This can be achieved through action research that evaluates the merits and the demerits of existing teaching methodologies in order to identify the best. Thus, this study seeks to evaluate the effectiveness of the Montessori education system as an alternative method of teaching mathematics in kindergarten. This will involve comparing the strengths and the weaknesses of the Montessori system with those of regular mathematics programs. The Setting and the Participants The selected location for the study is a privately owned Catholic school in Campbell, California. The objective of the school is to model future leaders of the world. The school provides complete education that not only develops the mind of the learners, but also their character. It offers a comprehensive content of art-based curriculum that enables students to engage in critical thinking, discovery of their world, and to overcome the challenge s they face in life. The school’s teaching program develops the students’ character alongside their academic development. The objective of this strategy is to produce complete scholars who are able to seek the truth and to utilize it in their everyday lives. The learning program used in the school promotes intellectual, emotional, and physical development of students in all grades. In this regard, the program provides the best setting for implementing the Montessori education system, which is the focus of this study. The participants were drawn from a class that consists of 12-year-old students. The students are mainly from middle and upper-middle class families. Hence, most of them are from families with relatively stable financial backgrounds. However, nearly 5% of the families depend on financial aid. Procedure for Data Collection and Analysis Data will be collected from the following sources in order to answer the research question. First, I will analyze the result s of formative assessments and evaluations such as students’ homework. This is an important source of data because it can shed light on the performance of students. Second, I will use observations in order to monitor students’ progress with learning in class.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Observation is an important data collection method since Montessori education requires little interference with students’ learning activities. The data collected through observation will be used to compare the effectiveness of Montessori education with traditional mathematics programs. Third, I will implement scoring rubrics in order to measure students’ performance. Concisely, it will be used to evaluate students’ ability to acquire mathematical skills, and the effectiveness of the Montessori methodology.  Fourth, student focus group discussions will be used to collect data. These discussions will enable me to collect data concerning the students’ knowledge, opinions and learning experiences. Additionally, I will be able to identify the teaching methods that children are familiar with and the challenges that they face. This will help me to evaluate the effectiveness of my teaching interventions. I will also be able to get new teaching ideas from the te achers who will participate in the discussions. Finally, teaching journals will be used to collect data concerning my experiences in class in order to improve my instruction methods and strategies. I will be evaluating the strengths and weakness that will be identified in lessons and teaching techniques on a weekly basis. I will use videotaping to identify my weaknesses and strengths during lessons. Moreover, my notes will be peer-reviewed by other teachers in order to identify mistakes. References Gubbins, J., Emerick, L., Delcourt, M., Newman, J., Imbeau, M. (1995). Research Related to the Enrichment Triad Model. Storrs: University of Connecticut. Montessori, M. (1995). Absorbent Mind. New York: Henry Holt and Company. Nicholl, M. (1998). Accelerated Learning for the 21st Century. New York: Dell Publishing. Piaget, J. (1970). Science of Education and the Psychology of teh Child. New York: Orion Press. Sternberg, R., Grigorenko, E., Ferrari, M. (2004). Giftedness and Expertise. S torrs: University of Connecticut. Watters, J. (2010). Career Decision Making among Gifted Students: the Mediation of Teachers. Gifted Child Quarterly, 53(3), 222-238.

10 Fascinating Facts About Ants

10 Fascinating Facts About Ants In many ways, ants can outwit, outlast, and outnumber humans. Their complex, cooperative societies enable them to survive and thrive in conditions that would challenge any individual. Here are 10 fascinating facts about ants that just might convince you that while you wouldnt welcome them to your next picnic, theyre still pretty amazing creatures. 1. Ants Have Super-Human Strength Ants can carry objects 50 times their own body weight in their jaws. Relative to their size, their muscles are thicker than those of larger animals- even humans. This ratio enables them to produce more force and carry larger objects. If you  had muscles in the proportions of ants, youd be able to heave a Hyundai over your head! 2. Soldier Ants Use their Heads to Plug Holes In certain ant species, the soldier ants have modified heads, shaped to match the nest entrance. They block access to the nest by sitting just inside the entrance, with their heads functioning like a cork in a bottle to keep intruders at bay. When a worker ant returns to the nest, it touches the soldier ants head to let the guard know it belongs to the colony. 3. Ants Can Form Symbiotic Relationship with Plants Ant plants, or myrmecophytes, are plants that have naturally occurring hollows in which ants can take shelter or feed. These cavities may be hollow thorns, stems, or even leaf petioles. The ants live in the hollows, feeding on sugary plant secretions or the excretions of sap-sucking insects. What does a plant get for providing such luxurious accommodations? The ants defend the host plant from herbivorous mammals and insects and may even prune away parasitic plants that attempt to grow on it. 4. The Total Biomass of Ants The Biomass of People How can this be? After all, ants are so tiny, and were so much bigger. That said, scientists estimate there are at least 1.5 million ants on the planet for every human being. Over 12,000 species of ants are known to exist, on every continent except Antarctica. Most live in tropical regions. A single acre of Amazon rainforest may be home to 3.5 million ants. 5. Ants Sometimes Herd Insects of Other Species Ants will do just about anything to get the sugary secretions of sap-sucking insects, such as aphids or leafhoppers. To keep the honeydew in close supply, some ants herd aphids, carrying the soft-bodied pests from plant to plant. Leafhoppers sometimes take advantage of this nurturing tendency in ants and leave their young to be raised by the ants. This allows the leafhoppers to raise another brood. 6. Some Ants Enslave Other Ants Quite a few ant species take captives from other ant species, forcing them to do chores for their own colony. Honeypot ants even enslave ants of the same species, taking individuals from foreign colonies to do their bidding. Polyergus queens, also known as Amazon ants, raid the colonies of unsuspecting Formica ants. The Amazon queen finds and kills the Formica queen, then enslaves the Formica workers. The slave workers help the usurping queen rear her own brood. When her Polyergus offspring reach adulthood, their sole purpose is to raid other Formica colonies and bring back their pupae, ensuring a steady supply of slave workers. 7. Ants Lived Alongside Dinosaurs Ants evolved some 130 million years ago during the early Cretaceous period. Most fossil evidence of insects is found in lumps of ancient amber, or fossilized plant resin. The oldest known ant fossil, a primitive and now extinct ant species named Sphercomyrma freyi, was found in Cliffwood Beach, New Jersey. Though that fossil only dates back 92 million years, another fossil ant that proved nearly as old has a clear lineage to present-day ants, which suggests a much longer evolutionary line than previously assumed. 8. Ants Started Farming Long Before Humans Fungus-farming ants began their agricultural ventures about 50 million years before humans thought to raise their own crops. The earliest evidence suggests ants began farming as early as 70 million years ago, in the early Tertiary period. Even more amazing, these ants used sophisticated horticultural techniques to enhance their crop yields, including secreting chemicals with antibiotic properties to inhibit mold growth and devising fertilization protocols using manure. 9. Ant Supercolonies Can Stretch Thousands of Miles Argentine ants, native to South America, now inhabit every continent except Antarctica due to accidental introductions. Each ant colony has a distinctive chemical profile that enables members of the group to recognize one another and alerts the colony to the presence of strangers. Scientists recently discovered that massive supercolonies in Europe, North America, and Japan all share the same chemical profile, meaning they are, in essence, a global supercolony of ants. 10. Scout Ants Lay Scent Trails to Guide Others to Food By following pheromone trails laid by scout ants from their colony, foraging ants can gather and store food efficiently. A scout ant first leaves the nest in search of food, wandering somewhat randomly until it discovers something edible. It then consumes some of the food and returns to the nest in a direct line. It seems scout ants can observe and recall visual cues that enable them to navigate quickly back to the nest. Along the return route, the scout ants leave a trail of pheromones- which are special scents they secrete- that guide their nestmates to the food. The foraging ants then follow the path designated by the scout ant, each one adding more scent to the trail to reinforce it for others. Worker ants continue walking back and forth along the trail until the food source is depleted.

Marketing plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Marketing plan - Essay Example Akin to olive oil in terms of function, tea seed oil is very effective for hair care. Not only does it strengthen hair and protect it from damage, it also provides moisture to the hair. Shiseido now intends to sell Tsubaki in Australia as it sees tremendous potential for that product in that market. Competitive Landscape in Australia Procter & Gamble Australia Pty Ltd, Unilever Australia Ltd, L'Oreal Australia Pty Ltd, Hans Schwarzkopf & Henkel GmbH & Co KG, Colgate-Palmolive Pty Ltd and Alberto-Culver Pty Ltd. In addition to these there are many other, domestic as well as international players, vying for a chunk of the shampoo market in the country. Demographic Environment The total population of Australia stood at 22 million in 2010. The gender-wise break-up of the Australian population is depicted in table below: Population (Gender Wise)    2010 2020    in '000 % in '000 % Male 10998 49.76 12591 49.86 Female 11102 50.24 12663 50.14 Total 22100 100 25254 100 Source: Euromonitor International The table shows that the male female population is almost equal and is likely to remain so by 2020. The ethnic composition of the country includes 92 percent Whites, 7 percent Asians and 1 percent Aboriginal and others (Euromonitor 2011). Thus females of Asian origin residing in Australia are approx .7 million. The Tsubaki shampoo would be targeted at this section of the society. It is imperative that the age-wise break up of the female population is considered while developing/modifying the product for the Australian market.    Female Population Age-Wise ('000) Age 2009 2010 2015 (E) 2020 (E) % Growth 0-14 2033 2052 2173 2326 13.3 15-64 7327 7415 7763 8095 9.2 65+ 1591 1635 1925 2242 37.1 Total 10951 11102 11861 12663 15.6 Source: Euromonitor International The above table clearly demonstrates that a drastic shift in Australia‘s demographic profile is imminent as a considerable chunk of the population is set to grow old in the coming future. This growth in the number of older consumers is likely to propel the demand for products that make people feel and look younger (Data Monitor 2011). The life expectancy in the country is 81.81 years for the total population. While it is 79.40 years for men, the life expectancy for the average Australian woman is 84.35 years. Economic Environment The Australian economy has registered a steady growth in the GDP in the last few years. The economy is estimated to grow by 3.7 percent this year. The inflation rate has also been below the 3 percent mark since 2010. The unemployment rate which has been steady at a shade above 5 percent is the brightest spot. Compare this to the unemployment rates in other developed countries where the joblessness has reached double digits. Key Economic Indicators    2009 2010 2011 2012 (E) GDP Growth (%) 1.3 3 3.5 3.7 Inflation 1.8 2.9 2.8 2.9 Unemployment Rate 5.6 5.3 5.2 5.1 Source: Data Monitor 2011 Australia is primarily a middle-class society. Close to 5 million, or 6 1 percent of the households in the country had an annual disposable income of more than US $45,000 in 2009. During the same time period, 36 percent of the Australian households had an annual disposable income of more than US $75,000. At the same time, more than 95 percent of the country is above the poverty line (Data Monitor 2011). The table below depicts that the average annual gross income has steadily risen across income brackets. The growth is considerably higher than

Public affair class media material plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Public affair class media material plan - Essay Example We believe the students bear the most responsibility since they make individual choices depending on their preferences. A committee member reckoned, â€Å"The international students form a huge part and we are conscious of their different problems and they should therefore feel encouraged and safe while applying for courses in the United States†. â€Å"The main reason for this press release is to address the problem of online courses that are increasing radically† said the Chairman. It is challenging for the department to control the number of colleges that are advertising for international courses online since we do not have control or access to the information that is released to people all over the world. In this regard we are therefore, looking for ways to control the number of these adverts over the internet and engage other government department to help in curbing the problem. The Department of International Students has received these complaints from citizens currently in the United States and in other parts of the world. We want to reiterate that although it is possible to control the problem within the country the same cannot be replicated in other parts of the world. This is because some of the messages the students receive are scams and they may originate from the home country. We are advising all students that although the terms and conditions for some and not all of these institutions may seem credible, it is advisable if they could contact us so that we can get the information and relay to them whether it’s credible or not. We are looking to engage other student bodies and organizations in other countries to get their view on the methods that they use to eradicate the problem and see what we as a department can use to help the students. â€Å"However, as aforementioned, the student bears the highest responsibility since they make the independent choices on the best courses that are in line

Animal abuse Essay Example for Free

Animal abuse Essay Animal abuse is when someone inflicts pain or harm upon an animal such as not giving them their basic needs (food and water) to beating them. In between 5 and 7 million animal companions enter an animal shelter nationwide, every year (www.aspca.org), and within 50 miles of Hayward, CA, there are 170 animal cruelty cases reported (www.pet-abuse.com). Imagine what these innocent beings that cannot speak out to let the human know they are in pain feel. Animals need us to speak out and help reduce their suffering instead of making their lives worse. Animal safety needs to be improved by creating more laws to protect animals from harm. Animal cruelty is shaped by two forms of abuse, different types of animal abuse, opinions on how animal cruelty happens, organizations that help fight for animal rights, and ways to report it. see more:animal abuse essay Everyday animals are being taken advantage of and being brutally abused. They are beaten, kept in cages, and enslaved just for a person’s own amusement (www.peta.org). Humans like to have freedom but yet they have no problem locking animals away because they don’t feel like dealing with them. The law sees passive and active abuse as illegal but they don’t have strict consequences that follow. Passive abuse is when the crime is less intentional and active is doing it intentionally to cause pain upon an animal (www.pet-abuse.com). Why should animals have to endure this cruel torture? What did they do to deserve this? I believe animals should be more protected under the law and not just thrown around like garbage. Furthermore, there are many three main categories of animal abuse which are slaughter houses, animal testing, and finally in-house abuse. When slaughter house workers cut the heads off of a chicken their hearts are still beating, so they are forced to suffer for to benefit humans and are not protected under the law to be slaughtered humanely. Two hundred and eighty-seven chickens, three point sixty-eight pigs, and one point two cow are  slaughtered per second (www.annimalsuffering.com). Should so many animals be put through this cruel and unusual torture? There should be a maximum number under the law that prevents them from slaughtering so many in a small amount of time. There are many forms of animal testing, but the two main animal tests are, the Eye Irritancy and Acute Toxicity. The Eye Irritancy test is also known as the Draize eye test which is performed on rabbits by inserting a fluid with a needle in one eye to see how it reacts to this fluid. The rabbits are put in a contraption that locks their heads and endure a lot of suffering such as ulcers, blindness, and usually death. Next, Acute Toxicity is a method where they determine how much of a chemical can be exposed to the mouth, skin, and inhaled with rats and mice. These rodents are poisoned and the experiment ends when at least half of the testing animals die from the trial. They suffer from excruciating pain, convulsions, loss of motor function and seizures (www.aavs.org). No laws state that animal testing cannot be performed; therefore, they can inflict pain upon the animals at any time without worry of being prosecuted. They are able to inject them with lethal chemicals but when it comes to humans everyone is against injecting humans such as in the death penalty because it is inhumane and unusual torture. Finally, in-house abuse, is abuse from human to pet. According to the U.S. Animal Abuse Classifications chart neglect/abandonment ranks 1st with 5, 365 cases, animal hoarding ranks 2nd with 2,061 cases, and shooting comes in 3rd with 1,888 cases. I believe there should be laws that require background checks on violence and brutality in order to own pets because there are connection between violence and abusing animals. Overall, the United States has a high rate of people mistreating innocent animals and it must be prevented in order to protect these voiceless beings. Since the law is not doing much to protect these animals from cruel humans, the people believe they can get away with this crime. They have insecurities and since animals are smaller than them and can’t speak out they take all their frustrations out on them. Animals are helpless creatures whom are assumed to have no feelings. Animals are put through pain and torture due to people’s anger and ignorance. When a human is murdered, the law gives consequences to the murderer, but when animals are end up dead because of being tortured, the law does not provide consequences for the crime. These  people need to take responsibility for their actions and get the same punishment that they would get if these inflictions were toward a human. Animals deserve to have the same rights and be protected under the law. Despite of all the ignorant people, there are those who believe in equality between animals and humans and choose to be up standers. If laws were created that protected animals, these organizations would have a better support system for their fight. Laws would make these groups easier to support, therefore they could make more of a difference. For example, animal shelters provide the basic necessities such as food, shelter, and water and a safe environment for them to recover from the harsh acts. Without these shelters, animals will lose hope, so in order to keep them running, donations need to be given. Besides animal shelter, there are specific organizations that help fight for animal rights and help prevent animal cruelty. Some examples of organizations are the ASPCA (American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals) and PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals). These groups believe that animals are just as equal as humans and should not be treated the way they are. People need to take responsibility for their actions, take care of their pets properly, and encourage others to do the same. In order to provide sufficient ways of life for animals, the law must support these organizations. Although there are organizations that fight to make a difference, individuals can stop animal cruelty. The Karma Dog organization stated, â€Å"What come around goes around.† Furthermore, there are many strategies you can use to report any signs of abuse or neglect. They can call 911 if the animal is being forced to fight other animals, starved, tortured, and has heavy chains around the neck, open wounds, and mutilation. Another number you can call is 311. When calling 311 the conditions are deprivation of food, water, improper vet care and shelter, untreated skin conditions, has extreme flea infestation, and extremely long nails and matted hair. When seeing animal abuse posted through the internet you must immediately contact the Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3) which is partnered with the FBI (http://www.belladogmagaizine.com). Finally, you can go onto change.org and sign petitions to stop animal testing and cruelty. You may not think one signature will make a difference but it does because once enough signatures  are collaborated, the government will realize something needs to be done. Never give up and keep fighting for these innocent animals. Even though animal abuse is wrong and hurtful to animals, some owners don’t purposely inflict harm upon them. For example, if the owner is having a really busy day and doesn’t have the time to walk their dog or they forget to feed them. Why should the owner be penalized for an accident? If the owner tries his best and treats the dog well any other time shouldn’t he be let off with a warning? A person should not be penalized for an accident because many things happen in life that causes distractions. Pet owners don’t intentionally neglect their pets and they deserve the chance to prove the courts otherwise. Some believe that animals are here to serve us so if so then we should not have to pamper them as we would for ourselves. In conclusion, animals and humans are no different and they should not be treated differently under the law. However, people in the United States mistreat innocent begins and laws need to be enforced to prevent it. Some think that animals cannot speak, that what happens to them will not affect them mentally, but every living animals have feeling whether they can talk or not. Treat an animal the way you would want to be treated. When using products, people should think to look if it has been tested on animals. Registering or volunteering at organizations that help prevent and heal abused animals will set a good example to others to fight for what you believe in. The bible states, â€Å"Do unto others.† This phrase is for all being not just humans so why should animals have to continue suffering. Be your own person and fight against animal abuse because this is cruel and unusual torture. Works Cited Pet Statistics. ASPCA. N.p., 2012. Web. 22 Nov. 2012. . Reporting Internet Animal Abuse | BellaDOG Magazine. Reporting Internet Animal Abuse | BellaDOG Magazine. N.p., 2011. Web. 22 Nov. 2012. . The Issues. PETA. N.p., 2012. Web. 22 Nov. 2012. . Types of Animal Testing. -The American Anti-Vivisection Society (AAVS). N.p., 2012. Web. 22 Nov. 2012. . Corp., Petabuse. Animal Cruelty. Animal Cruelty | Pet-Abuse.Com Animal Cruelty Database. N.p., 2001-2012. Web. 22 Nov. 2012. . Corp., Petabuse. Local Animal Cruelty Case Search | Pet-Abuse.Com Animal Cruelty Database. Local Animal Cruelty Case Search | Pet-Abuse.Com Animal Cruelty Database. N.p., 2001-2012. Web. 22 Nov. 2012. . Hugo, Victor. Animal Slaughter, Abuse and Cruelty. Behind the Screens. AnimalSuffering. Animals Rights Concerns, 2003,2009. Web. 22 Nov. 2012. .

Effects of Prior Knowledge on Generative Tasks Essay -- Philosophy Cre

Effects of Prior Knowledge on Generative Tasks The creation of new ideas plays an important role in the growth of any society. Inventions such as the telephone and automobile have provided the tools for increased levels of communication and widened the access to information. While the modern generation may view these inventions as staples of our society, at the time of their conception they were viewed as revolutionary new concepts. Yet, were they truly revolutionary or were they an extension of prior knowledge? Large proportions of new ideas are based on the properties of an existing concept (Marsh, Ward, & Landau, 1999). Without the concept of the phonograph, for example, we may never have had the benefit of 8-tracks, audio cassettes, or compact discs. These creations, while separate in their levels of advancement, are all based on the initial notion of recorded sound. Researchers recognize the benefits of prior knowledge as adaptive to survival. The fact that humans are able to learn and apply information from previous experience assists in reasoning, problem solving, and comprehension of our environment (Smith, Ward, & Schumacher, 1993). Without the use of prior knowledge it would be impossible to advance cognitively. The benefits notwithstanding, the use of prior knowledge also has the potential of limiting, or constraining, the creative process (Marsh, Bink, & Hicks, 1999; Marsh, Landau, & Hicks, 1996; Marsh, Ward, et al., 1999; Smith, et al., 1993). The theoretical construct of structured imagination proposes that new ... ...iness that expects creative results from its associates. Society may believe an invention is truly revolutionary when, in fact, the creation is most likely a mere extension of a previous thought. References Marsh, R. L., Bink, M. L., & Hicks, J. L. (1999). Conceptual priming in a generative problem-solving task. Memory & Cognition, 27 (2), 355-363. Marsh, R. L., Landau, J. D., & Hicks, J. L. (1996). How examples may (and may not) constrain creativity. Memory & Cognition, 24 (3), 669-680. Marsh, R. L., Ward, T. B., & Landau, J. D. (1999). The inadvertent use of prior knowledge in a generative cognitive task. Memory & Cognition, 27 (1), 94-105. Smith, S. M., Ward, T. B., & Schumacher, J. S. (1993). Constraining effects of examples in a creative generation task. Memory & Cognition, 21 (6), 837-845.

Objective of Education Is Learning

‘The Objective of Education Is Learning' *'The Objective of Education Is Learning, Not Teaching'* *In their book,** *Turning Learning Right Side Up: Putting Education Back on Track*, authors Russell L. Ackoff and Daniel Greenberg point out that today's education system is seriously flawed — it focuses on teaching rather than learning. â€Å"Why should children — or adults — be asked to do something computers and related equipment can do much better than they can? † the authors ask in the following excerpt from the book. â€Å"Why doesn't education focus on what humans can do better than the machines and instruments they create? * â€Å"Education is an admirable thing, but it is well to remember from time to time that nothing that is worth learning can be taught. † — Oscar Wilde Traditional education focuses on teaching, not learning. It incorrectly assumes that for every ounce of teaching there is an ounce of learning by those who are taught. However, most of what we learn before, during, and after attending schools is learned without its being taught to us. A child learns such fundamental things as how to walk, talk, eat, dress, and so on without being taught these things. But are there intrinsic barriers to learning?Adults learn most of what they use at work or at leisure while at work or leisure. Most of what is taught in classroom settings is forgotten, and much or what is remembered is irrelevant. In most schools, memorization is mistaken for learning. Most of what is remembered is remembered only for a short time, but then is quickly forgotten. (How many remember how to take a square root or ever have a need to? ) Furthermore, even young children are aware of the fact that most of what is expected of them in school can better be done by computers, recording machines, cameras, and so on.They are treated as poor surrogates ; for such machines and instruments. Why should children — or adults, for that m atter — be asked to do something computers and related equipment can do much better than they can? Why doesn't education focus on what humans can do better than the machines and instruments they create? When those who have taught others are asked who in the classes learned most, virtually all of them say, â€Å"The teacher. † It is apparent to those who have taught that teaching is a better way to learn than being taught. Teaching enables the teacher to discover what one thinks about the subject being taught.Schools are upside down: Students should be teaching and faculty learning. After lecturing to undergraduates at a major university, I was accosted by a student who had attended the lecture. After some complimentary remarks, he asked, â€Å"How long ago did you teach your first class? † I responded, â€Å"In September of 1941. † â€Å"Wow! † The student said. â€Å"You mean to say you have been teaching for more than 60 years? † â€Å"Ye s. † â€Å"When did you last teach a course in a subject that existed when you were a student? † This difficult question required some thought. After a pause, I said, â€Å"September of 1951. â€Å"Wow! You mean to say that everything you have taught in more than 50 years was not taught *to* you; you had to learn on your own? † â€Å"Right. † â€Å"You must be a pretty good learner. † I modestly agreed. The student then said, â€Å"What a shame you're not that good a teacher. † The student had it right; what most faculty members are good at, if anything, is learning rather than teaching. Recall that in the one-room > schoolhouse, students taught students. The teacher served as a guide and a resource but not as one who force-fed content into students' minds. *Ways of Learning*There are many different ways of learning; teaching is only one of them. We learn a great deal on our own, in independent study or play. We learn a great deal interactin g with others informally — sharing what we are learning with others and vice versa. We learn a great deal by doing, through trial and error. Long before there were schools as we know them, there was apprenticeship — learning how to do something by trying it under the guidance of one who knows how. For example, one can learn more architecture by having to design and build one's own house than by taking any number of courses on the subject.When physicians are asked whether they leaned more in classes or during their internship, without exception they answer, â€Å"Internship. † In the educational process, students should be offered a wide variety of ways to learn, among which they could choose or with which they could experiment. They do not have to learn different things the same way. They should learn at a very early stage of â€Å"schooling† that learning how to learn is largely their responsibility — with the help they seek but that is not impose d on them. The objective of education is learning, not teaching.There are two ways that teaching is a powerful tool of learning. Let's abandon for the moment the loaded word teaching, which is unfortunately all too closely linked to the notion of â€Å"talking at† or â€Å"lecturing,† and use instead the rather awkward phrase explaining something to someone else who wants to find out about it. One aspect of explaining something is getting yourself up to snuff on whatever it is that you are trying to explain. I can't very well explain to you how Newton accounted for planetary motion if ; I haven't boned up on my Newtonian mechanics first.This is a problem we all face all the time, when we are expected to explain something. (Wife asks, â€Å"How do we get to Valley Forge from home? † And husband, who does not want to admit he has no idea at all, excuses himself to go to the bathroom; he quickly Googles Mapquest to find out. ) This is one sense in which the one who explains learns the most, because the person to whom the explanation is made can afford to forget the explanation promptly in most cases; but the explainers will find it sticking in their minds a lot longer, because they struggled to gain an understanding in the first place in a form clear enough to explain.The second aspect of explaining something that leaves the explainer more enriched, and with a much deeper understanding of the subject, is this: To satisfy the person being addressed, to the point where that person can nod his head and say, â€Å"Ah, yes, now I understand! † explainers must not only get the matter to fit comfortably into their own worldview, into their own personal frame of reference for understanding the world around them, they also have to figure out how to link their frame of reference to the > world view of the person receiving the explanation, so that the explanation can make sense to that person, too.This involves an intense effort on the part of th e explainer to get into the other person's mind, so to speak, and that exercise is at the heart of learning in general. For, by practicing repeatedly how to create links between my mind and another's, I am reaching the very core of the art of learning from the ambient culture. Without that skill, I can only learn from direct experience; with that skill, I can learn > from the experience of the whole world. Thus, whenever I struggle to explain something to someone else, and succeed in doing so, I am advancing my ability to learn from others, too. Learning through Explanation* This aspect of learning through explanation has been overlooked by most commentators. And that is a shame, because both aspects of learning are what makes the age mixing that takes place in the world at large such a valuable educational tool. Younger kids are always seeking answers from older kids –sometimes just slightly older kids (the seven-year old tapping the presumed life wisdom of the so-much-more- experienced nine year old), often much older kids.The older kids love it, and their abilities are exercised mightily in these interactions. They have to figure out what it is that they understand > about the question being raised, and they have to figure out how to make their understanding comprehensible to the younger kids. The same process occurs over and over again in the world at large; this is why it is so important to keep communities multi-aged, and why it is so destructive to learning, and to the development of culture in general, to segregate certain ages (children, old people) from others.What went on in the one-room schoolhouse is much like what I have been talking about. In fact, I am not sure that the adult teacher in the one-room schoolhouse was always viewed as the best authority on any given subject! Long ago, I had an experience that illustrates that point perfectly. When our oldest son was eight years old, he hung around (and virtually worshiped) a very brilliant 1 3-year-old named Ernie, who loved science. Our son was curious about everything in the world.One day he asked me to explain some physical phenomenon that lay within the realm of what we have come to call â€Å"physics†; being a former professor of physics, I was considered a > reasonable person to ask. So, I gave him an answer — the â€Å"right† answer, the one he would have found in books. He was greatly annoyed. â€Å"That's not right! † he shouted, and when I expressed surprise at his response, and asked him why he would say so, his answer was immediate: â€Å"Ernie said so and so, which is totally different, and Ernie knows. It was an enlightening and delightful experience for me. It was clear that his faith in Ernie had been developed over a long time, from long experience with Ernie's unfailing ability to build a bridge between their minds — perhaps more successfully, > at least in certain areas, than I had been. One might wonder how on eart h learning came to be seen primarily a result of teaching. Until quite recently, the world's great teachers were understood to be people who had something fresh to say about something to people who were interested in hearing their message.Moses, Socrates, Aristotle, Jesus — these were people who had original insights, and people came from far and wide to find out what those insights were. One can see most clearly in Plato's dialogues that people did not come to Socrates to â€Å"learn philosophy,† but rather to hear Socrates' version of philosophy (and his wicked and witty attacks on other people's versions), just as they went to other philosophers to hear (and learn) their versions. In other words, teaching was understood as public exposure of an individual's perspective, which anyone could take or leave, depending on whether they cared about it.No one in his right mind thought that the only way you could become a philosopher was by taking a course from one of those g uys. On the contrary, you were expected to come up with your own original worldview if you aspired to the title of philosopher. This was true of any and every aspect of knowledge; you figured out how to learn it, and you exposed yourself to people who were willing to make their understanding public if you thought it could be a worthwhile part of your endeavor.That is the basis for the formation of universities in the Middle Ages — places where thinkers were willing to spend their time making their thoughts public. The only ones who got to stay were the ones whom other people (â€Å"students†) found relevant enough to their own personal quests to make listening to them worthwhile. By the way, this attitude toward teaching has not disappeared. When quantum theory was being developed in the second quarter of the twentieth century, aspiring atomic physicists traveled to the various places where different theorists were developing their thoughts, often in radically differen t directions.Students traveled to Bohr's institute to find out how he viewed quantum theory, then to Heisenberg, to Einstein, to Schrodinger, to Dirac, and so on. What was true of physics was equally true of art, architecture†¦ you name it. It is still true today. One does not go to Pei to learn â€Å"architecture†; one goes to learn how he does it — that is, to see him â€Å"teach† by telling and showing you his approach. Schools should enable people to go where they want to go, not where others want them to. *Malaise of Mass Education* The trouble began when mass education was introduced. It was necessary To decide what skills and knowledge everyone has to have to be a productive citizen of a developed country in the industrial age – To make sure the way this information is defined and standardized, to fit into the standardization required by the industrial culture – To develop the means of describing and communicating the standardized infor mation (textbooks, curricula) – To train people to comprehend the standardized material and master the means of transmitting it (teacher training, pedagogy) – To create places where the trainees (children) and the trainers (unfortunately called teachers, which gives them a status they do not deserve) can meet — so-called schools (again a term stolen from a much different milieu, endowing these new institutions with a dignity they also do not deserve) – And, to provide the coercive backing necessary to carry out this major cultural and social upheaval In keeping with all historic attempts to revolutionize the social order, The elite leaders who formulated the strategy, and those who implemented it, perverted the language, using terms that had attracted a great deal of respect in new ways that turned their meanings upside down, but helped make the new order palatable to a public that didn't quite catch on. Every word — *teacher, student, school, disc ipline,* and so on — took on meanings diametrically opposed to what they had originally meant. Consider this one example from my recent experience. I attended a conference of school counselors, where the latest ideas in the realm of student counseling were being presented.I went to a session on the development of self-discipline and responsibility, wondering what these concepts mean to people embedded in traditional schooling. To me, self-discipline means the ability to pursue one's goals without outside coercion; responsibility means taking appropriate action on one's own initiative, without being goaded by others. To the people presenting the session, both concepts had to do solely with the child's ability to do his or her assigned class work. They explained that a guidance counselor's proper function was to get students to understand that responsible behavior meant doing their homework in a timely and effective manner, as prescribed, and self-discipline meant the determina tion to get that homework done. George Orwell was winking in the back of the room.Today, there are two worlds that use the word *education* with opposite meanings: one world consists of the schools and colleges (and even graduate schools) of our education complex, in which standardization prevails. In that world, an industrial training mega-structure strives to turn out identical replicas of a product called â€Å"people educated for the twenty-first century†; the second is the world of information, knowledge, and wisdom, in which the real population of the world resides when not incarcerated in schools. In that world, learning takes place like it always did, and teaching consists of imparting one's wisdom, among other things, to voluntary listeners.

Barriers Erected By Health Care Systems

Health is fully available in every moment as one of the most accessible of life’s biological forces. Health is a feeling of basic and fundamental goodness, wholeness and uncompromising strength. Health care systems are designed to help maintain the health of individuals by eliminating disease, illness or injury from the body system. However there are barriers that limit health care systems from achieving their goals. The barriers may include shortage of health workers, unaffordable health care services, lack of health care equipments.Shortage of health workers in hospitals especially during weekends occurs because of inadequate funding which compromises the ability of providers to provide a quality and affordable health care services. Some of the barriers of health care are erected by our divisive and dualistic western culture, others by our own habits to separate rather than unify. Making health care affordable is one way of eliminating most barriers of health care this ensur es that every one can visit a health center or clinic without fear of being overcharged.Setting up health savings accounts (HSAs) gives workers the opportunity to save tax-free routine expenses, the security of insurance against major illnesses and the freedom of knowing you can take your account with you whenever you change jobs. Barriers erected by health care personnel Shortage of health care personnel /workers creates a barrier to accessing quality health care. Quality health cares are services offered by people caring for other people. Patients and the general public are unaware of this critical problem and always blame the health workers for insufficiency.Recently accompanied by grand mother for her appointment to the hospital and I was very disappointed, we reported very early for her check up since she was using a pace maker for breathing, we had to wait for three hours before being attended. This was very frustrating. I thought this was worse but and elderly man was brought to the waiting bay with epilepsy. He was convulsing after every two minutes but no one seemed to notice. The nurses and other workers seemed so busy taking care of other patience so we assumed they were ignoring those on the waiting bay.Barriers created by health care systems In most health centers of hospitals health care equipments are insufficient. This results to poor health care administration many patients die due to lack of special equipments and drugs. I went for my practical in a certain health center and witnessed and elderly woman die from muscular dystrophy. This is a rare disease with very devastating symptoms. Her muscles would contract and remain in situ and this affected her breathing patterns. The doctor said there were ho resources to treat her unless if transferred to a state hospital.Her family could not afford to transfer her to a bigger facility. In such situations the public tends to blame the health worker for insufficiency and at times negligence. The state should be responsible for funding health care centers and hospitals to provide enough resources, equipments and drugs. Lack of affordable health insurance policies is also to blame in this case because if this patient had health insurance, she would access health care services from any health facility. Plans to change the barriers to reflect an environment of wellnessRising health care costs are imposing a burden on families and small businesses and put health coverage out of the reach of many Americans. Employing more health workers makes health care provision easier and better. This ensures that the ratio of health workers to patients is even. Reducing the rising costs of health care while improving quality and safety, makes health care accessible to more people especially those with minimum wages. Having a free health centre or clinic in every poor country in America. This will ensure that the jobless also have access to quality health care.This will increase the number of peopl e served by health centers by approximately 35%. Fighting health care fraud and waste by cutting wasteful spending out the Medicare and Medicaid programme. Affordable health cares for low-income families and individuals. High healthcare costs are the reason why many Americans are not insured. The state could help them by contributing to buy their insurance. Affordable health cares for all children. This ensures that all children are born in hospitals and immunized immediately after birth.Association Health Plans (AHPs) for civic groups and other community organizations. Local groups should be allowed to bond together through their regional or national organizations to negotiate low-priced coverage for their members. Maternal child health care should be improved and made affordable to reduce child and maternal mortality rates. This should be coupled with decreased post partum stays to an average of seven days. Hospitals should not overcharge patients for long stays in the wards. They should aim at providing affordable quality services to all patients.Public health awareness should be encouraged to educate the public on the importance of buying health insurance, routine medical checkups and the importance of vaccinations. National market place to shop for health insurance should be established, individual consumers should have the freedom to shop for health insurance in a competitive market place across the state lines to increase the availability of health care coverage and drive down costs. State run insurance pools to help low income Americans get the most of their credits. Free health care for all children should be established.Strengthening competition between generic and brand name drugs will help American consumers save more than $35 billion in drug cost over the next 10 years. There should be more school-based enrollment where parents are informed of the availability of health coverage for the children through medicaid. Grants to faith based and communit y organizations to join with their state medicaid To enroll targeted low-income children. Home visitation should be encouraged and enough funding put into this policy to provide transport and enough medication for the home visits.This should be coupled by the strengthening of the community follow up for the mothers and newborns by public health nurses. Direct accountability for implementation should be assigned by the policy to public health care professionals who believe in the initiative. The support of public health practitioners who advocate for this approach is required for implementation. . How the book changed my personal thinking The book changed my thinking by making me realize that the public is very ignorant to routine check ups such as pap smears, breast examination and eye check ups.Our attitude towards health workers especially nurses and doctors determine how we receive health services. Some people believe that doctors should be men with big bodies and so if treated b y female doctors, they have a negative attitude. We should always be positive about the treatment we receive. It quickens the recovery process. Giving them incentives allowances should motivate health workers or salary increments to encourage them provide better quality health services. In the hospital sector, a major barrier, which appears to have influenced implementations, is that of organizational context.These include lack of beds to allow for longer stays in hospitals and lack of funding to purchase hospital equipments. Direct funding flowed to heath units targeted for provision of special health services, eliminates barriers of health resources and medical equipments. The book made me realize that acquiring health insurances made it cheaper to access health care services. Public health units should receive additional recourses to provide a service they have long wanted to offer to the community and should be trained to provide it professionally. ConclusionPolicy enactment is sometimes in adequate to stimulate practice changes and barrier elimination in health care systems. However policy as a tool must thoughtfully address the organizational, professional and social contexts within which it is to be implemented. To reflect an environment of wellness, all players need to be included. Consumers need to know about health policies and should be informed about their health care options. Policy implementation in any health care system relies upon provider commitment. Providers, consumers and policy makers share the common goal of positive health outcomes.Consumers of health care need to be informed and prepared to hold both providers and policy makers accountable in the making and implementing of health policy. Providers must be convinced that the policy can be implemented and that the outcome will be positive. While health care is often described, as a product health services are fundamentally people caring for other people, therefore, health workers must be devoted to their work to serve and treat patients equally despite of their financial status or racial backgrounds.When barriers to policy implementations exist the policy may fail to meet its objectives to achieve quality affordable and accessible health care services. Health care should be made accessible by ensuring that every county has a health facility or a clinic to serve the community members. All health facilities should charge minimum fees to ensure that all individuals are able to visit health centers without fear of being overcharged. Health workers such as nurses and doctors should be encouraged to be polite and friendly to all patients despite the type of their conditions.Doctors should be encouraged to diagnose a patient’s condition well before prescribing any form of treatment. This ensures that patients are treated for the illnesses. Health system administrations must be established to serve every patient equally despite their races or financial affordability . Health care systems must be designed in such a way that they are able to treat any form of disease or illness. Crucial medical equipments should be provided to the hospitals by the state to make-work more efficient and also to save more lives.This is because patients won’t need to be transferred to bigger facilities for treatment. Health care administration systems should encourage the health workers to encourage both patients and the public to buy health insurance so as to make assessing quality health care easier and cheaper for them and their families. For health care provision to be efficient the general public should be involved in decision-making concerning the health system. REFERENCES Milio, N (1988). Primary care and the public’s health; Ann Arbor, Michigan, university press.