The Effects of Bullying and Why Should It Be Stopped Essay

Good morning everybody. I am up here today to give you all a speech about school bullying. Basically, my purpose is to tell you all more about the effects of school bullying and why should it be stopped. Do you all know that one in every four children is a victim of bullying? (P2, Neurotic Ramblings) From the 519 students surveyed by the organization, 129 claimed they had been bullied. (P2, Sunday times 16/7/2006) School bullying is a kind of bullying which happens in an educational environment. The behaviour must be repeated and aggressive in order for it to be considered bullying. So what are the effects of school bullying? Firstly, victims who are bullied can lose interest in school. (Victim point 1, Source 2) This is so as they feel†¦show more content†¦Out of the 37, 10 claimed their reason for doing so is that they were bullied before.† (P2-3, Sunday Times 2006) This is so as they feel that they should retaliate this way when they are provoked. In such cases, the victims do not know how to react with their frustrations. They feel that they need not be kind to others since others treat them in an unkind way. This is a worrying as it might become worse. One example of such case would be Penny, who turned into a bully in Secondary two. She was a victim of school bullying and dealt with her feelings by terrorising others. By doing so, she wanted others to feel her agony. For a year, the bully threw her books out of the window, shouted vulgarities at her and kicked her chair till she almost injured herself. To avenge herself, she would throw her juniors’ bags into the school pond. B y doing so, she claimed that she would feel controlled. ( P5-7, Sunday Times 2006)Therefore, bullying should be stopped as it could cause harm to innocent ones and may even influence others to join bullying as they would feel that they could be higher powered than the rest. Secondly, bullies themselves who bully others tend to have violent behaviour as well. If they are allowed to continue bullying, they may participate in more risky and violent behaviour. If nothing is being done to correct their actions, this may continue to their adulthood. These bulliesShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay On Bullying1203 Words   |  5 Pagesfather had been jailed for hitting her† (Goad). Bullying has been a major problem in our society. The power of bullying can ruin someone’s life. Nothing good can ever come from bullying no matter how it happens. Bullying has been around for a long time, and it must come to an end. Bullying should be stopped because of the terrible and heartbreaking outcomes. To begin, the power of bullying is disgraceful land will always have a negative outcome. Bullying occurs when someone is repeatedly harmed by someoneRead MoreBullying Is A Social Phenomenon861 Words   |  4 PagesBullying has been a known term for many centuries. 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This problem has been defined as cyberbullying. â€Å"Cyberbullying is bullying that takes place usingRead MoreBullying As A Major Issue Affecting Education1746 Words   |  7 Pages Bullying as a Major Issue Affecting Education Anna Butera University of Nebraska at Omaha Elizabeth Wessling 2015 Summer- TED-8000-502: Classroom Management for Secondary Teachers July 23, 2015 Introduction More than 160,000 students in the United States missed school today (Center for Schools and Communities, 2015). They stayed home because they were afraid of being bullied. Most bullying occurs in schools, on school grounds, and on the bus, but as technology becomes more and more mainstreamRead MoreBullying Persuasive Essay1247 Words   |  5 PagesYet we push it just the same† - Thirteen Reasons Why. Over 3.2 million students are victims of bullying each year. Bullying is a serious offence and shouldn’t be taken lightly, students around the world should be aware of what bullying does and how it affects the other person. Seventeen percent of American students report bullying two to three times a month or more within a school semester. Bullying has been occurring for years and bullying in schools was one of the first manifestations.Read MoreThe Effects of Bullying in Students1124 Words   |  5 PagesTHE EFFECTS OF BULLYING TO THE SECOND YEAR STUDENTS OF TAGOLOAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL SY: 2014-2015 by: Fernandez, Dimple A. Besa, Lindsay Q. Canoy, Richel Mae V. Dael, Bema A. Damiles, Jewel D. Parlocha, Michelle B. Pil, Riza Jane A. Introduction Bullying is the act to threat a weaker being to make them do something and hurt them emotionally or physically which later on affects a victim’s everyday life. From the looks of it, some students, especially those who areRead MoreThe Dangers Of Bullying That Teens And Kids Face811 Words   |  4 PagesThe Dangers of Bullying that Teens and Kids Face Getting kidnapped, having problems with drugs, being bullied, and teen pregnancy are just a few of the many dangers that teens and kids face every day. One of the biggest concerns today is bullying. Bullying can happen anywhere and is a problem that affects millions of kids and teens each year. Bullying is defined as an unwanted, aggressive behavior among school aged children that involves a real or perceived power imbalance. The behavior is repeated

The Role Of External Auditing On Promoting Good Corporate...

The purpose of this paper is to highlight the role of external auditing in promoting good corporate governance. The role of auditors has been emphasized after the pass of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act as a response to the accounting scandal of Enron. Even though auditors are hired and paid by the company, their role is not to represent or act in favor of the company, but to watch and investigate the company’s financials to protect the public from any material misstatements that can affect their decisions. As part of this role, the auditors assess the level of the company’s adherence to its own code of ethics. External Auditing Since reliable financial information is essential for investors and other stakeholders to take adequate decisions, this reliability must be backed by independent review performed by independent and certified auditing firms, which are supposed to verify and certify financial statements issued by a company’s management. If the auditor is not competent and independent from management, the audit of the financial statements loses its credibility (Schelker, 2013, p.295). According to Impastato (2003), because of audit failures, accountants are to blame for investors losing billions of dollars in earnings in addition to market capitalization (as cited in Grubbs Ethridge 2007). As explained by Schelker (2013), the agency problem between the owners and the management of a ï ¬ rm is at the heart of the corporate governance literature. Hence, there is a need for aShow MoreRelatedSetting And Enforcing Clear Lines Of Responsibility Essay1461 Words   |  6 PagesSetting and Enforcing Clear Lines of Responsibility Good corporate governance needs effective and appropriate regulatory, legal and institutional basis. A variety of elements which including the laws and regulatory framework, and financial accounting standards have an effect on the setting of clear lines of responsibility on auditing (Chiang, 2005). 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Byod at Innovate Technologies

Questions: 1. What are BYODs and how are they currently being used. You should explore a range of applications of BYOD, for example, in areas such as healthcare, education and other software companies. 2. Discuss at least three ways that BYODs could be used to enhance your organisation over the next five years. In particular the CEO would like you to explore ways BYODs could be used to provide opportunities to expand your business both locally and globally. Analyse potential options that could lead to recommendations at the end of your report. 3. Assess the advantages and disadvantages of using BYODs. Consider the current uses by various organisations and possibilities for your organisation (especially those you have considered in tasks 1 and 2 above). Explore the ethical, social and legal considerations, and the potential positive and negative impacts your organisation should consider. These should lead to some recommendations at the end of your report. Answers: 1. Introduction Innovate Technologies is a Sydney based IT company that works to major fields of software development. The first is the mobile application development, where the company develops a range of efficient and time saving application for mobile users. The second field is the information systems development for large organizations. The company develops and supports both the fields equally but has a major share of its business from the information systems development as the clients associated with the same are billion dollar companies. Hence, Innovate technologies is looking for ways to strengthen its bonds with the existing clients and break deals with new clients. The company has an extremely innovative group of employees who are enthusiastic in developing applications that sync with the latest technologies. The company is looking forward to a way to develop applications that can be sold to its existing information system clients to increase the business if mobile application development s ector. Though the company is relatively new in the field of IT, it has leaped forward with its fast moving services. The company strongly believes in supporting services as a crucial need to make sure the corporate bonds with the clients sustain. The company encourages innovation and is known for developing new services that make use of the new technologies introduced, to help its clients and mobile users get the best of these technologies through new applications. The company is known to have developed major information systems and places a huge amount of significance to ensure security of data. The company is always ready to invest in technologies that would have a positive impact on both the business and lifestyle of its employees. The report below has been developed by an ICT manager at Innovate Technologies to help the CEO of the organization understand how implementing BYOD can substantially reach all the above goals of the organization. The report has four major sections. The first section is about understanding BYOD, its advantages and disadvantages and the various sectors that have currently implemented BYOD applications. The second section identifies three reasons that explain the need for BYOD to be implemented in Innovate Technologies. This sections also provide ideas that would help the company reach its current goals. The third section details out the various implications that may arise due to the usage of BYOD and the final section has recommendations as to how to overcome these implication and successfully implement BYOD in Innovate Technologies. 2. BYOD and its current applications 2.1 Understanding BYOD BYOD stands for Bring Your Own Device. BYOD allows employees of an organization to access corporate mails, company Wi-Fi and other privileged company information (Miller, 2012). The concept has rose due to the increasing need of employees to carry their own devices and access company applications through the same for flexibility and convenience. It is a part of the evolution that empowers the organizations practicing them with consumerization of IT, where the customer originated technologies impact the enterprise. These concepts have been bought in to light to reap the advantages of the technologies that originate and develop in the consumer space rather than sourcing the same from the IT enterprise sector (Thomson, 2012). The term BYOD was initially coined by Intel, however, it was Unisys Corporation that has put the concept into use in most of its business segments with the help of Citrix Systems. 2.2 Advantages of BYOD The various reasons for enterprises to constantly adopt to the concept of BYOD are listed below Cost Saving: BYOD enables cost-saving by allowing the employees carry their own devices. The hardware expenses of a company to provide these devices significantly reduces as an employee would not need a secondary device (Bien, 2015). When correctly implemented, BYOD can completely eliminate the need for company issued Blackberry thereby reducing the hardware cost. Software licensing costs and device maintenance is decreased as the devices would be owned by the employees rather than the company. Figure 1: Impact of BYOD on expenses Anywhere, Anytime: BYOD provides the ability to access corporate information from anywhere, the need to be continuously present at the desk is reduced (Ballagas, 2014). Especially in support environments the need to be able to access corporate applications from anywhere anytime will help the employee resolve issues at the comfort of their home (Morrow, 2012). Cutting Edge Technology: The devices carried by employees are usually faster with far better technology than that provided by the company. This is especially true in case of smaller organizations with budgetary constraints (Shim, 2013). By using BYOD the organization can make use of advanced technologies without actually investing in them. Employee Satisfaction: Employees are happier with the flexibility BYOD provides. Ability to work with their own devices makes the employees more comfortable (Hopkins, 2013). Also, the employee gets to choose the device they would like to work with, rather than use the company mandated devices Attractive Employer: Organizations that implement BYOD are seen as adaptive organizations that put the comfort of their employees as a priority. This makes the organization an attractive employer there by increasing the recruitment quality. 2.3 Disadvantages of BYOD Every technology has its own cons list. Understanding them and applying appropriate measures to ground the negative impacts would help an organization use the technology to an advantage. The chances of security breach is high when corporate data is accessed through personal devices. The sheer number of devices connecting increasing exponentially leading to a need to implement advanced measures to ensure security The device may be lost or sold with corporate data still residing in the device. The corporate data may be stored in personal cloud storage. Malware threats increase substantially (Scarfo, 2012) The chances of the current applications used by the company are not compatible with the employee device. The support sector of organization should find ways to implement them on all devices (Ghosh, 2013) Lack of infrastructure to handle network traffic with increasing BYOD users. 2.4 Current applications of BYOD 2.4.1 BYOD in Healthcare BYOD in health care segment is currently restricted to a smaller scale as the need for patient data confidentiality is high. Reports of various tests conducted on a patient are uploaded on to the companys database and the same can be checked by doctors using a tablet (Gwaltney, 2015). However, since IT support for BYOD is not the primary concern in healthcare industries 2.4.2 BOYD in Education BOYD is being adapted into education sector by changing smartphone from a distraction to an important tool for educational enhancement. Starting from schools to educational universities, e-learning had become the latest trend and the same can be easily implemented through BYOD (Ho, 2015). The need to carry around textbooks and notes can be completely eliminated and the concept of beyond the classroom can be applied broadly (Song, 2014). However, special attention needs to be paid to make sure that the BYOD device is not misused and e- safety needs to be ensured. 2.4.3 Public sector The public sectors of US and UK has started implementing the BYOD concept at a higher level allowing employees to access the network with personal laptops. However, given the sensitivity of data that prevails in a public sector and the large number of employees associated stringent guidelines as per the new End User Devices Security and Configuration Guidance policy was issued by Communications-Electronics Security Group (CESG) have to be adhered to, to ensure data safety. 2.4.4 IT Sector BOYD is currently most popular in IT sector with IBM being a lead implementer. Companies with support projects are migrating to BYOD to ensure 24x7 support for clients. The IT sector has dedicated wings to ensure that the devices used adhere to the guidelines listed by the enterprise. The increase in flexibility and feasibility of the working environment of the employee has been a major reason for implementing BYOD. 3. Enhancing Innovate Technologies with BYOD 3.1 Implementing BYOD as a Sand Box Innovate Technologies works in the field of mobile application development and information system applications. Both the fields are closely related to BYOD. The company can therefore, implement BYOD in its own organization and use it closely to understand how BYOD works and what the implications with it are (Mansfield, 2012). Once the same is understood and analyzed the company can develop mobile applications that can be sold to large organizations to implement BYOD or to the device owners to make their devices compatible with the BYOD policies of the company. The chances of developing a new product is high when how the work is closely observed, helping the company come with applications that enhance BYOD. The company can expand both globally and locally by supplying these service to corporations implementing BYOD. 3.2 BYOD to enhance support Since Innovate Technologies develop information system application for large organizations, the need to provide round the clock support to client is essential. By implementing BYOD the company can provide support services 24x7. The employees can address issues as soon as they rise as they are constantly connected to the corporate network. SLA of support services can be easily reached, allowing the company to provide best support services. This would help them enhance their support services with the current clients and also would be helpful to break deals with new clients (French, 2014) 3.3 Cost Cutting and employee satisfaction The major advantage with the BYOD is its cost saving capabilities with reduced secondary devices and device maintenance. The company works in mobile applications and hence, it is ideally for them to implement the same through BYOD, enhancing the integrity of the company. The company has much more satisfied employee increasing the productivity gains. 4. Ethical, Social and Legal considerations When implementing any technologies there are several litigations that may question the ethical sense of the employees and the legal issue the company may face due to the implementation. It is important to realize the possible issue before implementing something to make sure necessary steps are taken to make sure all the issues are correctly addressed Below listed are the ethical, social and legal considerations to be looked into before implementing BYOD The company would have access to the device of the employee and hence employee privacy may be violated The employees need to remain ethical when using corporate network and should be responsible to ensure that privileged data is not shared with third parties in any form. The need to implement reasonable security on BYOD devices is high to ensure the security of corporate data (Romer, 2014) If data security issues arise due to BYOD, the employees device cannot be taken by the company due to lack of ownership Data security needs to be enhanced to make sure that third party or unauthorized users dont have access to this data The technically savvy employees may jailbreak the devices eliminating the restrictions to improve security. The employees are responsible to apply corporate security patches regularly to protect data (Cook, 2013) Accessing corporate sites from public Wi-Fi increases the risk of malware and hackers Device locking may not be implemented by employees exposing corporate mails to unauthorized users (Benigno, 2014) 5. Conclusion BYOD or Bring Your Own Device is one of the key technologies that lead to the consumerisation of IT where the consumer technologies impact the working on an enterprise. With the rising need for flexible working environment of employee, it is only obvious that BYOD has been implemented in major parts of software sectors. The concept allows the employees to access privileged corporate data through their personal devices. BYOD has become popular due it its cost cutting and employee satisfying capabilities. The need for secondary devices is almost completely eliminated by the concept of BYOD. However, the concept of BYOD is relatively new and hence laws and policies have not being concretely developed around it. Data security and employee privacy are major issues when implementing BYOD and addressing the same is essential to ensure that the integrity of the organization is not compromised. Innovate Technologies can make the best use of BYOD as the concept would not only provide advantages such as cost cutting but will also help the organization come up with mobile application products that can be sold over to its large clientele that implement information systems. Most of these organizations would be looking into BYOD which is bound to happen in almost all the sectors and hence, Innovate technologies would have a chance to migrate their potential clients to their mobile application development sector as well. The objectives to strengthen bonds with the existing clientele of information system can be achieved by implementing BYOD to enhance support services. Understanding and analyzing how BYOD works can help the company come up with products that support the implementation of BYOD on mobile platforms for the large clientele of information systems to take up mobile application development services as well. 6. Recommendations Implementing BYOD without a question advantageous to Innovate Technologies. However, extreme care should be taken to provide security to corporate data accessed through BYOD devices and also employee privacy has to be respected. The below policies have to be implemented to ensure the negative impacts of BYOD is reduced As the company cannot develop security applications to all mobile platforms at once, the BYOD has to be implemented in patches allowing devices of one platform at a time to ensure that the security applications are appropriately developed for data security (Tokuyoshi, 2013) To ensure data cannot be accessed by unauthorized users employees with BYOD have to follow the below guidelines mandatorily. Screen locks with passwords are mandatory (Keyes, 2013) All the corporate applications have to be locked or hidden (Donaldson, 2015) Logging in with corporate credentials for all corporate applications Erase the data on the device completely before selling it Install all security patches mandated by the company Make sure that the device is treated as any other corporate device and password sharing has to be restricted (Walker, 2013) Jailbraking and rooting devices is strictly prohibited If the device is lost or stolen the same as to be reported to the company immediately (Jaramillo, 2013) Installation of apps that can pose potential threat to the corporate data security should be restricted (Lim, 2014) Clearly help the employee understand that the device can be lawfully and legally owned by the company to investigate any issues that occurred through the device A strict exit strategy has to defined to ensure that the company data is not accessible to the employee post separation The company data should not be stored in the mobile device permanently and only reading access wherever possible should be provided Clearly define the device maintenance if any is given to the employee (Eslahi, 2014). All the employees has to sign an acceptable use policy declared by the company The company has the right to erase the data remotely in case of stolen or lost device Malware and other hacking threats have to be addressed to with appropriate security measures The company has the right to pull out services without prior notification if a potential threat is identified The above listed are a brief list of recommendations. While actually implementing BYOD a much more comprehensive policy would be required to be adapted. 7. References Ballagas, R., Rohs, M., Sheridan, J.G. and Borchers, J., 2014. BYOD: Bring Your Own Device, UBICOMP. Benigno, V., Caruso, G., Ravicchio, F., Repetto, M. and Trentin, G., 2014. DO BYOD (BRING-YOUR-OWN-DEVICE) TECHNOLOGIES SUPPORT INCLUSIVE VIRTUAL CLASSROOMS?. ICERI2014 Proceedings, pp.6239-6248. Bien, D., Negahban, A. and Windsor, J., 2015. BYOD in Practice: A Comparison of Four BYOD Programs. Cook, T., Jaramillo, D., Katz, N., Bodin, B., Cooper, S., Becker, C.H., Smart, R. and Lu, C., 2013. Mobile innovation applications for the BYOD enterprise user. IBM Journal of Research and Development, 57(6), pp.6-1. Donaldson, S.E., Siegel, S.G., Williams, C.K. and Aslam, A., 2015. Enterprise Cybersecurity for Mobile and BYOD. In Enterprise Cybersecurity (pp. 119-129). Apress. Eslahi, M., Naseri, M.V., Hashim, H., Tahir, N.M. and Saad, E.H.M., 2014, April. BYOD: current state and security challenges. In Computer Applications and Industrial Electronics (ISCAIE), 2014 IEEE Symposium on (pp. 189-192). IEEE. French, A.M., Guo, C. and Shim, J.P., 2014. Current status, issues, and future of bring your own device (BYOD). Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 35(10), pp.191-197. Ghosh, A., Gajar, P.K. and Rai, S., 2013. Bring your own device (BYOD): Security risks and mitigating strategies. Journal of Global Research in Computer Science, 4(4), pp.62-70. Gwaltney, C., Coons, S.J., ODonohoe, P., OGorman, H., Denomey, M., Howry, C. and Ross, J., 2015. Bring Your Own Device(BYOD) The Future of Field-Based Patient-Reported Outcome Data Collection in Clinical Trials?. Therapeutic Innovation Regulatory Science, 49(6), pp.783-791. Ho, R.C. and Chua, H.K., 2015. The Influence of Mobile Learning on Learners Absorptive Capacity: A Case of Bring-Your-Own-Device (BYOD) Learning Environment. In Taylors 7th Teaching and Learning Conference 2014 Proceedings (pp. 471-479). Springer Singapore. Hopkins, N., Sylvester, A. and Tate, M., 2013. Motivations for BYOD: an investigation of the contents of a 21st century school bag. Jaramillo, D., Katz, N., Bodin, B., Tworek, W., Smart, R. and Cook, T., 2013. Cooperative solutions for bring your own device (BYOD). IBM journal of research and development, 57(6), pp.5-1. Keyes, J., 2013. Bring your own devices (BYOD) survival guide. CRC press. Lim, K., Jang, Y. and Lee, E., 2014. Research on BYOD (Bring Your Own Device) policy guidelines with the extension of the. Journal of Digital Convergence, 12(7), pp.21-36. Mansfield-Devine, S., 2012. Interview: BYOD and the enterprise network. Computer fraud security, 2012(4), pp.14-17. Miller, K.W., Voas, J. and Hurlburt, G.F., 2012. BYOD: Security and privacy considerations. It Professional, (5), pp.53-55. Morrow, B., 2012. BYOD security challenges: control and protect your most sensitive data. Network Security, 2012(12), pp.5-8. Romer, H., 2014. Best practices for BYOD security. Computer Fraud Security, 2014(1), pp.13-15. Scarfo, A., 2012, November. New security perspectives around BYOD. In Broadband, Wireless Computing, Communication and Applications (BWCCA), 2012 Seventh International Conference on (pp. 446-451). IEEE. Shim, J.P., Mittleman, D., Welke, R., French, A.M. and Guo, J.C., 2013. Bring your own device (BYOD): Current status, issues, and future directions. Song, Y., 2014. Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) for seamless science inquiry in a primary school. Computers Education, 74, pp.50-60. Thomson, G., 2012. BYOD: enabling the chaos. Network Security, 2012(2), pp.5-8. Tokuyoshi, B., 2013. The security implications of BYOD. Network Security, 2013(4), pp.12-13. Walker-Osborn, C., Mann, S. and Mann, V., 2013. to Byod or not to Byod. ITNow, 55(1), pp.38-39.

Reproduction Essays - Behavior, Sexual Reproduction, Mating

Reproduction For some time she had watched his movements, appearing coyly in his haunts. And now, had it paid off? Doubtless, he was in love. His muscles were taut; he swooped through the air more like an eagle than a Greylag gander. The only problem was, it was not for her that he then landed in a flurry of quacks and wingbeats, or for her that he dashed off surprise attacks on his fellows. It was, rather, for another - for her preening rival across the Bavarian lake. Poor goose. Will she mate with the gander of her dreams? Or will she trail him for years, laying infertile egg clutches as proof of her faithfulness? Either outcome is possible in an animal world marked daily by scenes of courtship, spurning and love triumphant. And take note: these are not the imaginings of some Disney screen-16 writer. Decades ago Konrad Lorenz, a famed Austrian naturalist, made detailed studies of Greylags and afterwards showed no hesitation in using words like love, grief and even embarrassment to describe th e behavior of these large, social birds. At the same time he did not forget that all romance - animal and human - is tied intimately to natural selection. Natural selection brought on the evolution of males and females during prehistoric epochs when environmental change was making life difficult for single-sex species such as bacteria and algae. Generally, these reproduced by splitting into identical copies of themselves. New generations were thus no better than old ones at surviving in an altered world. With the emergence of the sexes, however, youngsters acquired the qualities of two parents. This meant that they were different from both - different and perhaps better at coping with tough problems of survival. At the same time, nature had to furnish a new set of instincts which would make "parents" out of such unreflective entities as mollusks and jellyfish.. The peacock's splendid feathers, the firefly's flash, the humpback whale's resounding bellow - all are means these anima ls have evolved to obey nature's command: "Find a mate. Transmit your characteristics through time!" But while most males would accept indiscriminate mating, females generally have more on their minds. In most species, after all, they take on reproduction's hardest chores such as carrying young, incubating eggs and tending newborns. Often they can produce only a few young in a lifetime. (Given half a chance, most males would spawn thousands.) So it's no surprising that the ladies are choosy. They want to match their characteristics with those of a successful mate. He may flap his wings or join a hockey team, but somehow he must show that his offspring will not likely be last to eat or first in predatory jaws. Strolling through the Australian underbrush that morning, she had seen nothing that might catch a female bowerbird's eye. True, several males along the way had built avenue bowers - twin rows of twigs lined up north and south. True, they had decorated their constructions wit h plant juices and charcoal. Yet they displayed nothing out front! Not a beetle's wing. Not a piece of flower. Then she saw him. He stood before the largest bower and in his mouth held a most beautiful object. It was a powder blue cigarette package, and beneath it there glinted a pair of pilfered car keys. Without hesitation she hopped forward to watch his ritual dance. Males have found many ways to prove their worth. Some, like bowerbirds, flaunt possessions and territory, defending these aggressively against the intrusion of fellow males. Others, like many birds and meat-eating mammals, pantomime nest building or otherwise demonstrate their capacity as dads. Still others, however, do nothing. Gentlemen may bring flowers, but most male fish just fertilize an egg pile some unknown female has left in underwater sand. For a fish, survival itself is a romantic feat. For other species, though, love demands supreme sacrifices. Shortly after alighting on the back of his mate, the male praying mantis probably had no idea what was in store. This would have been a good thing too, because as he continued to fertilize his partner's eggs, she twisted slowly around and bit off his head. She continued to put